Karamba3D v2
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English 英文
  • Welcome to Karamba3D
  • New in Karamba3D 2.2.0
  • See Scripting Guide
  • See Manual 1.3.3
  • 1: Introduction
    • 1.1 Installation
    • 1.2 Licenses
      • 1.2.1 Cloud Licenses
      • 1.2.2 Network Licenses
      • 1.2.3 Temporary Licenses
      • 1.2.4 Standalone Licenses
  • 2: Getting Started
    • 2 Getting Started
      • 2.1: Karamba3D Entities
      • 2.2: Setting up a Structural Analysis
        • 2.2.1: Define the Model Elements
        • 2.2.2: View the Model
        • 2.2.3: Add Supports
        • 2.2.4: Define Loads
        • 2.2.5: Choose an Algorithm
        • 2.2.6: Provide Cross Sections
        • 2.2.7: Specify Materials
        • 2.2.8: Retrieve Results
      • 2.3: Physical Units
      • 2.4: Quick Component Reference
  • 3: In Depth Component Reference
    • 3.0 Settings
      • 3.0.1 Settings
      • 3.0.2 License
    • 3.1: Model
      • 3.1.1: Assemble Model
      • 3.1.2: Disassemble Model
      • 3.1.3: Modify Model
      • 3.1.4: Connected Parts
      • 3.1.5: Activate Element
      • 3.1.6: Line to Beam
      • 3.1.7: Connectivity to Beam
      • 3.1.8: Index to Beam
      • 3.1.9: Mesh to Shell
      • 3.1.10: Modify Element
      • 3.1.11: Point-Mass
      • 3.1.12: Disassemble Element
      • 3.1.13: Make Beam-Set đź”·
      • 3.1.14: Orientate Element
      • 3.1.15: Dispatch Elements
      • 3.1.16: Select Elements
      • 3.1.17: Support
    • 3.2: Load
      • 3.2.1: General Loads
      • 3.2.2: Beam Loads
      • 3.2.3: Disassemble Mesh Load
      • 3.2.4: Prescribed displacements
    • 3.3: Cross Section
      • 3.3.1: Beam Cross Sections
      • 3.3.2: Shell Cross Sections
      • 3.3.3: Spring Cross Sections
      • 3.3.4: Disassemble Cross Section đź”·
      • 3.3.5: Eccentricity on Beam and Cross Section đź”·
      • 3.3.6: Modify Cross Section đź”·
      • 3.3.7: Cross Section Range Selector
      • 3.3.8: Cross Section Selector
      • 3.3.9: Cross Section Matcher
      • 3.3.10: Generate Cross Section Table
      • 3.3.11: Read Cross Section Table from File
    • 3.4: Joint
      • 3.4.1: Beam-Joints đź”·
      • 3.4.2: Beam-Joint Agent đź”·
      • 3.4.3: Line-Joint
    • 3.5: Material
      • 3.5.1: Material Properties
      • 3.5.2: Material Selection
      • 3.5.3: Read Material Table from File
      • 3.5.4: Disassemble Material đź”·
    • 3.6: Algorithms
      • 3.6.1: Analyze
      • 3.6.2: AnalyzeThII đź”·
      • 3.6.3: Analyze Nonlinear WIP
      • 3.6.4: Large Deformation Analysis
      • 3.6.5: Buckling Modes đź”·
      • 3.6.6: Eigen Modes
      • 3.6.7: Natural Vibrations
      • 3.6.8: Optimize Cross Section đź”·
      • 3.6.9: BESO for Beams
      • 3.6.10: BESO for Shells
      • 3.6.11: Optimize Reinforcement đź”·
      • 3.6.12: Tension/Compression Eliminator đź”·
    • 3.7: Results
      • 3.7.1: ModelView
      • 3.7.2: Deformation-Energy
      • 3.7.3: Element Query
      • 3.7.4: Nodal Displacements
      • 3.7.5: Principal Strains Approximation
      • 3.7.6: Reaction Forces đź”·
      • 3.7.7: Utilization of Elements đź”·
        • Examples
      • 3.7.8: BeamView
      • 3.7.9: Beam Displacements đź”·
      • 3.7.10: Beam Forces
      • 3.7.11: Node Forces
      • 3.7.12: ShellView
      • 3.7.13: Line Results on Shells
      • 3.7.14: Result Vectors on Shells
      • 3.7.15: Shell Forces
      • 3.7.16 Results at Shell Sections
    • 3.8: Export đź”·
      • 3.8.1: Export Model to DStV đź”·
      • 3.8.2 Json / Bson Export and Import
    • 3.9 Utilities
      • 3.9.1: Mesh Breps
      • 3.9.2: Closest Points
      • 3.9.3: Closest Points Multi-dimensional
      • 3.9.4: Cull Curves
      • 3.9.5: Detect Collisions
      • 3.9.6: Get Cells from Lines
      • 3.9.7: Line-Line Intersection
      • 3.9.8: Principal States Transformation đź”·
      • 3.9.9: Remove Duplicate Lines
      • 3.9.10: Remove Duplicate Points
      • 3.9.11: Simplify Model
      • 3.9.12: Element Felting đź”·
      • 3.9.13: Mapper đź”·
      • 3.9.14: Interpolate Shape đź”·
      • 3.9.15: Connecting Beams with Stitches đź”·
      • 3.9.16: User Iso-Lines and Stream-Lines
      • 3.9.17: Cross Section Properties
    • 3.10 Parametric UI
      • 3.10.1: View-Components
      • 3.10.2: Rendered View
  • Troubleshooting
    • 4.1: Miscellaneous Questions and Problems
      • 4.1.0: FAQ
      • 4.1.1: Installation Issues
      • 4.1.2: Purchases
      • 4.1.3: Licensing
      • 4.1.4: Runtime Errors
      • 4.1.5: Definitions and Components
      • 4.1.6: Default Program Settings
    • 4.2: Support
  • Appendix
    • A.1: Release Notes
      • Work in Progress Versions
      • Version 2.2.0 WIP
      • Version 1.3.3
      • Version 1.3.2 build 190919
      • Version 1.3.2 build 190731
      • Version 1.3.2 build 190709
      • Version 1.3.2
    • A.2: Background information
      • A.2.1: Basic Properties of Materials
      • A.2.2: Additional Information on Loads
      • A.2.3: Tips for Designing Statically Feasible Structures
      • A.2.4: Hints on Reducing Computation Time
      • A.2.5: Natural Vibrations, Eigen Modes and Buckling
      • A.2.6: Approach Used for Cross Section Optimization
    • A.3: Workflow Examples
    • A.4: Bibliography
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  • Utilization of Beams
  • Utilization of Shells

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  1. 3: In Depth Component Reference
  2. 3.7: Results

3.7.7: Utilization of Elements đź”·

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Last updated 3 years ago

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Use the “Utilization of Elements”-component in order to get the level of utilization for each element. It comes as a multi-component where the drop-down list on the bottom decides whether the utilization of shell of beam elements shall be returned. With beam-utilization selected, the utilization output of shell patches will be output as zero - and vice versa. This serves to maintain the one to one relationship between elements and results. The sequence of element results corresponds to the sequence of elements.

The input-plug “Model” expects an analyzed model. With “Elems|Ids” it is possible to limit the range of elements which shall be considered. Accepted input are element identifiers or elements themselves. By default the component returns results for all elements. The “LCase”-input selects the load-case to be used for calculating the utilization. By default it is set to “-1” which means that the maximum utilization of all load-cases will be returned.

Utilization of Beams

Utilization numbers for beams rendered by this component (output-plug “Util”) and the “ModelView” show differences – especially for compressive axial forces: The “ModelView”-component returns the ratio of stress to strength as the level of utilization, whereas the “Utilization of Elements”-component also includes buckling. See for example the two utilization entries on the in fig. 3.7.7.1: The second load case (i.e. number “1”) is made up of an axial load acting in the middle of the beam. As both ends are axially fixed, one beam is in tension, one in compression. The absolute value of the normal force in both elements is the same. Yet the beam under compression has a utilization of 0.26, the one under tension only 0.05. “1” means 100 %.

The output-plugs “sig-max” and “sig-min” return the minimum and maximum stress in each beam.

Utilization of Shells

Fig. 3.7.7.1 shows the utilization component for beams. In case of shells, the utilization output value is zero. The meaning of the input-plugs “nSamples”, “Elast”, “gammaM0”, “gammaM1” and "SwayFrame" exactly corresponds to that of the “Optimize Cross Section” (see section ). The algorithm for determining an element's utilization is the same as that underlying the cross section optimization procedure. Set the input-plug “Details?” to “True” in order to get intermediate values of the utilization calculation at the output-plug “Details”. For large structures the generation of the detailed output may take some time.

In order to diagnose the reason why a specific beam shows over-utilization the output-plugs “Util-N”, “Util-Vy”, “Util-Vz”, “Util-Mt”, “Util-My” and “Util-Mz” return the contribution of each cross section force component to the overall utilization. When enabled via “Details?” the output-plug “Details” renders a detailed account of intermediate values used for the calculation of the element’s utilization according to EN 1993-1-1 .

The utilization calculated for shells (see fig. 3.7.6.2) is the ratio between the tensile or compressive strength and the material's comparative stress in each face of the shell. The strength criteria applied for evaluating the comparative stress can be 'VonMises', 'Tresca', 'Rankine' and for orthotropic materials 'TsaiWu' (see section ). The sign of the comparative stress is determined by the sign or the principal stress with the largest absolute value. In case of different strength values for the tensile and compressive regime, the Von Mises stress gets calculate from the scaled principal stresses: tensile principal stresses get divided by the tensile strength, compressive tensile stresses by the compressive strength. The same procedure applies to the TsaiWu-comparative stress. The output-plug “Util” lists the utilization of each element of the shell in the same order as the mesh-faces are listed in the mesh which underlies the shell geometry. In case of beams or trusses, 0 is output as utilization.

3.5.8
[5]
3.5.1
Fig. 3.7.7.1: Beam under two load-cases: Utilization of the cross sections
Fig. 3.7.6.2: Utilization of a shell consisting of two elements